Acting selflessly to help others in need was long thought to be a trait confined to mammals, in particular humans and some great ape species like bonobos and orangutans.
But a new study has found that African grey parrots volunteer assistance to both their good friends and mere acquaintances -- even when there is no expectation of personal gain.
The paper, published in the journal Current Biology on Thursday, advances our knowledge of the evolution of cooperation and social intelligence, co-author Auguste von Bayern of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Starnberg, Germany told AFP.
Both parrots and corvids (like crows and ravens) are renowned for their extraordinary problem solving skills, and are sometimes called "feathered apes."
Alex, the famous Harvard-based African grey parrot who died in 2007, developed a vocabulary of over 100 words, could identify colors and quantify objects up to the number six, among many other accomplishments.
But despite their impressive intelligence, earlier experiments have failed to show crows helping other crows -- leading von Bayern and first author Desiree Brucks of ETH Zurich to wonder whether the same was true of parrots.
Working at the Loro Parque research station on the Spanish island of Tenerife, they placed pairs of grey parrots and blue-headed macaws in boxes alongside each other with an transfer hole between the two, and a hole facing a human experimenter that was either kept open or closed.
Both parrot species quickly learned that they could exchange tokens with the experimenter for a nut treat -- but only the grey parrots helped their neighbors when their own hole facing the scientist was closed, preventing them from gaining any personal reward.
In the very first round, seven out of eight grey parrots were willing to transfer tokens in their possession to their neighbors so that their friends could feast when they could not.
The fact they did so without knowing they would later be tested in the other role showed that those giving were not expecting the favor to be reciprocated, said von Bayern.
Significantly, the grey parrots appeared to understand the nature of the task, as opposed to acting out of playfulness. When they saw the other parrot had an opportunity for exchange, they'd pass a token over -- but otherwise, they would not.
- Lending a wing -
And, like humans, the grey parrots appeared to favor their friends, sharing more tokens with birds they had previously closely associated with, though they still gave some to acquaintances.
The experimenters did not test whether the effect would occur with perfect strangers.
It is not fully clear why the grey parrots acted "prosocially" while the macaws did not, but the researchers suggest it may be linked to how the two species organize themselves in the wild.
African greys live in huge flocks of up to 1,200 birds, Brucks told AFP, and this may require greater social cognitive abilities than macaws that live in much smaller groups of 10 to 30 individuals.
The team would now like to investigate how widespread cooperation is among the world's 393 parrot species and examine what evolutionary pressures led to it.
They'd also like to learn whether the birds are acting out of genuine empathy and if the level of help given is proportionate to the need of the recipient -- for example, will a parrot who just had a meal receive the same level of assistance as one which is hungry?
- No jealousy -
The latest research builds on previous work exploring grey parrots' concern for the wellbeing of others.
In a study published in the journal Royal Society Open Science in December involving the same scientists and others, researchers gave the birds two types of token: one which rewarded just the subject, and another that provided food to both the subject and its neighbor.
At first they chose randomly -- but when the parrots were tested alternatingly with their neighbor, they learned to choose the token that benefitted both birds.
What's more, a third paper published in Scientific Reports in November found that the parrots do not show signs of jealousy if a partner receives a better reward for the same work, unlike primates (including humans).
"At first, this finding came as a surprise, given that a 'sense of fairness' is considered a prerequisite for the evolution of cooperation," said von Bayern, to prevent a breakdown of ties.
But one possible explanation could be the species' penchant for monogamy, as opposed to primates who switch partners as new opportunities arise.
"Given that parrots are so closely bonded with a single individual and thus so mutually interdependent, it does not make any difference if one of them gets a better pay-off once in a while," said Von Bayern.
"What counts is that together, they function as a unit that can achieve much more than each of them on their own."
Acting selflessly to help others in need was long thought to be a trait confined to mammals, in particular humans and some great ape species like bonobos and orangutans.
But a new study has found that African grey parrots volunteer assistance to both their good friends and mere acquaintances — even when there is no expectation of personal gain.
The paper, published in the journal Current Biology on Thursday, advances our knowledge of the evolution of cooperation and social intelligence, co-author Auguste von Bayern of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Starnberg, Germany told AFP.
Both parrots and corvids (like crows and ravens) are renowned for their extraordinary problem solving skills, and are sometimes called “feathered apes.”
Alex, the famous Harvard-based African grey parrot who died in 2007, developed a vocabulary of over 100 words, could identify colors and quantify objects up to the number six, among many other accomplishments.
But despite their impressive intelligence, earlier experiments have failed to show crows helping other crows — leading von Bayern and first author Desiree Brucks of ETH Zurich to wonder whether the same was true of parrots.
Working at the Loro Parque research station on the Spanish island of Tenerife, they placed pairs of grey parrots and blue-headed macaws in boxes alongside each other with an transfer hole between the two, and a hole facing a human experimenter that was either kept open or closed.
Both parrot species quickly learned that they could exchange tokens with the experimenter for a nut treat — but only the grey parrots helped their neighbors when their own hole facing the scientist was closed, preventing them from gaining any personal reward.
In the very first round, seven out of eight grey parrots were willing to transfer tokens in their possession to their neighbors so that their friends could feast when they could not.
The fact they did so without knowing they would later be tested in the other role showed that those giving were not expecting the favor to be reciprocated, said von Bayern.
Significantly, the grey parrots appeared to understand the nature of the task, as opposed to acting out of playfulness. When they saw the other parrot had an opportunity for exchange, they’d pass a token over — but otherwise, they would not.
– Lending a wing –
And, like humans, the grey parrots appeared to favor their friends, sharing more tokens with birds they had previously closely associated with, though they still gave some to acquaintances.
The experimenters did not test whether the effect would occur with perfect strangers.
It is not fully clear why the grey parrots acted “prosocially” while the macaws did not, but the researchers suggest it may be linked to how the two species organize themselves in the wild.
African greys live in huge flocks of up to 1,200 birds, Brucks told AFP, and this may require greater social cognitive abilities than macaws that live in much smaller groups of 10 to 30 individuals.
The team would now like to investigate how widespread cooperation is among the world’s 393 parrot species and examine what evolutionary pressures led to it.
They’d also like to learn whether the birds are acting out of genuine empathy and if the level of help given is proportionate to the need of the recipient — for example, will a parrot who just had a meal receive the same level of assistance as one which is hungry?
– No jealousy –
The latest research builds on previous work exploring grey parrots’ concern for the wellbeing of others.
In a study published in the journal Royal Society Open Science in December involving the same scientists and others, researchers gave the birds two types of token: one which rewarded just the subject, and another that provided food to both the subject and its neighbor.
At first they chose randomly — but when the parrots were tested alternatingly with their neighbor, they learned to choose the token that benefitted both birds.
What’s more, a third paper published in Scientific Reports in November found that the parrots do not show signs of jealousy if a partner receives a better reward for the same work, unlike primates (including humans).
“At first, this finding came as a surprise, given that a ‘sense of fairness’ is considered a prerequisite for the evolution of cooperation,” said von Bayern, to prevent a breakdown of ties.
But one possible explanation could be the species’ penchant for monogamy, as opposed to primates who switch partners as new opportunities arise.
“Given that parrots are so closely bonded with a single individual and thus so mutually interdependent, it does not make any difference if one of them gets a better pay-off once in a while,” said Von Bayern.
“What counts is that together, they function as a unit that can achieve much more than each of them on their own.”
