The scandal surrounding an attack plot hatched by two far-right soldiers has again forced Germany to confront its dark past -- specifically, the role of the Wehrmacht in the Third Reich.
Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen has ordered the Bundeswehr to cleanse itself of all links to the Nazi-era army that set the world aflame under Adolf Hitler over 70 years ago.
What seems like an obvious and belated step to many, given documented Wehrmacht atrocities in World War II especially on the eastern front, has also sparked criticism of a "witch hunt" and an unjust blanket condemnation of the conscript army.
The sensitive historical question was brought to the fore by the arrests since last month of lieutenant Franco Albrecht, 28, and two alleged co-conspirators including another soldier.
In the bizarre case, the far-right extremist Albrecht allegedly created the fake identity of a Syrian refugee who was granted asylum status, a bed in a shelter and monthly welfare payments.
Prosecutors say Albrecht then planned to shoot a pro-refugee politician, possibly former president Joachim Gauck, and blame the murder on his fictious Syrian alter ego to stoke public fears about jihadist terror.
After Albrecht's arrest, von der Leyen was incensed to learn that steel helmets and other memorabilia of the World War II army were openly on display at the Franco-German barracks where the army suspects were stationed.
Angry that earlier evidence of Albrecht's far-right worldview had been ignored by superiors out of "a misunderstood esprit de corps", she has ordered the Bundeswehr to sweep all barracks for Wehrmacht items and images.
The search netted another 41 items, including historical coins and pictures, reported national news agency DPA, citing unnamed defence committee sources.
"The Wehrmacht is not part of the tradition of the Bundeswehr," said the defence minister, who is often seen as a possible successor to Chancellor Angela Merkel.
She ordered a review of the army's 1982 "decree on traditions" which allows displaying Wehrmacht items within their "historical context", telling parliament in the latest hearings Wednesday that those rules have "various backdoors".
She also said new names would have to be found for barracks still named after World War II figures, including field marshall Erwin Rommel, dubbed the "Desert Fox" for his North Africa campaign.
- 'Reign of terror' -
While there is mainstream condemnation for the Nazis, Gestapo and SS troops, the role of the millions-strong conscript army is more ambiguous in the minds of many Germans.
Hans-Peter Uhl of the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU) criticised von der Leyen's "blanket condemnation" of all German soldiers of the era, urging some "respect for our fathers and grandfathers".
The party's parliamentary vice president, Johannes Singhammer, said they were "drafted under the reign of terror of the Nazis".
Former defence minister Rudolf Scharping of the Social Democrats (SPD) deplored the "witch hunt" and charged that "iconoclastic action does not make up for a failure to deal with right-wing extremists in the ranks of the Bundeswehr".
And Theo Sommer, a former senior defence bureaucrat, labelled the sweep "an overreaction, which casts suspicion of Wehrmacht nostalgia over the entire armed forces".
He added: "I won't hide the photo of my father as a Wehrmacht soldier in a drawer.
"He served in Rommel's Africa Corps and came back from the war with a belly shot -- a brave, upright man who was abused by an ominous, criminal system. I see no reason to be ashamed of him."
- War crimes -
Von der Leyen has been undeterred, a position welcomed by many lawmakers and voters.
In the mid-1990s, travelling exhibitions extensively documented Wehrmacht war crimes against Jews, civilians and prisoners of war in eastern Europe and Russia.
More than one million people saw the exhibitions, which were frequently targeted by right-wing protests.
Far-left Linke party lawmaker Ulla Jelpke charged the problem starts at the top because some barracks are still named after generals of the Wehrmacht, which she called "an organisation of war criminals (who) ... murdered hundreds of thousands, millions of civilians".
Von der Leyen has argued that the Bundeswehr should look at its own 60-year tradition in defence of a liberal democracy as a source of pride and meaning.
The Bundeswehr was founded as a purely defence military, but this has since the 1990s been interpreted to cover peacekeeping and conflict prevention abroad.
The now 180,000-strong armed forces have joined UN, NATO and other multinational missions from Kosovo to Afghanistan and Mali which must be mandated by parliament.
German troops -- all volunteers since male conscription ended in 2011 -- make their pledge at the Berlin Bendlerblock site that was the headquarters of the unsuccessful military resistance against Hitler.
The scandal surrounding an attack plot hatched by two far-right soldiers has again forced Germany to confront its dark past — specifically, the role of the Wehrmacht in the Third Reich.
Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen has ordered the Bundeswehr to cleanse itself of all links to the Nazi-era army that set the world aflame under Adolf Hitler over 70 years ago.
What seems like an obvious and belated step to many, given documented Wehrmacht atrocities in World War II especially on the eastern front, has also sparked criticism of a “witch hunt” and an unjust blanket condemnation of the conscript army.
The sensitive historical question was brought to the fore by the arrests since last month of lieutenant Franco Albrecht, 28, and two alleged co-conspirators including another soldier.
In the bizarre case, the far-right extremist Albrecht allegedly created the fake identity of a Syrian refugee who was granted asylum status, a bed in a shelter and monthly welfare payments.
Prosecutors say Albrecht then planned to shoot a pro-refugee politician, possibly former president Joachim Gauck, and blame the murder on his fictious Syrian alter ego to stoke public fears about jihadist terror.
After Albrecht’s arrest, von der Leyen was incensed to learn that steel helmets and other memorabilia of the World War II army were openly on display at the Franco-German barracks where the army suspects were stationed.
Angry that earlier evidence of Albrecht’s far-right worldview had been ignored by superiors out of “a misunderstood esprit de corps”, she has ordered the Bundeswehr to sweep all barracks for Wehrmacht items and images.
The search netted another 41 items, including historical coins and pictures, reported national news agency DPA, citing unnamed defence committee sources.
“The Wehrmacht is not part of the tradition of the Bundeswehr,” said the defence minister, who is often seen as a possible successor to Chancellor Angela Merkel.
She ordered a review of the army’s 1982 “decree on traditions” which allows displaying Wehrmacht items within their “historical context”, telling parliament in the latest hearings Wednesday that those rules have “various backdoors”.
She also said new names would have to be found for barracks still named after World War II figures, including field marshall Erwin Rommel, dubbed the “Desert Fox” for his North Africa campaign.
– ‘Reign of terror’ –
While there is mainstream condemnation for the Nazis, Gestapo and SS troops, the role of the millions-strong conscript army is more ambiguous in the minds of many Germans.
Hans-Peter Uhl of the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU) criticised von der Leyen’s “blanket condemnation” of all German soldiers of the era, urging some “respect for our fathers and grandfathers”.
The party’s parliamentary vice president, Johannes Singhammer, said they were “drafted under the reign of terror of the Nazis”.
Former defence minister Rudolf Scharping of the Social Democrats (SPD) deplored the “witch hunt” and charged that “iconoclastic action does not make up for a failure to deal with right-wing extremists in the ranks of the Bundeswehr”.
And Theo Sommer, a former senior defence bureaucrat, labelled the sweep “an overreaction, which casts suspicion of Wehrmacht nostalgia over the entire armed forces”.
He added: “I won’t hide the photo of my father as a Wehrmacht soldier in a drawer.
“He served in Rommel’s Africa Corps and came back from the war with a belly shot — a brave, upright man who was abused by an ominous, criminal system. I see no reason to be ashamed of him.”
– War crimes –
Von der Leyen has been undeterred, a position welcomed by many lawmakers and voters.
In the mid-1990s, travelling exhibitions extensively documented Wehrmacht war crimes against Jews, civilians and prisoners of war in eastern Europe and Russia.
More than one million people saw the exhibitions, which were frequently targeted by right-wing protests.
Far-left Linke party lawmaker Ulla Jelpke charged the problem starts at the top because some barracks are still named after generals of the Wehrmacht, which she called “an organisation of war criminals (who) … murdered hundreds of thousands, millions of civilians”.
Von der Leyen has argued that the Bundeswehr should look at its own 60-year tradition in defence of a liberal democracy as a source of pride and meaning.
The Bundeswehr was founded as a purely defence military, but this has since the 1990s been interpreted to cover peacekeeping and conflict prevention abroad.
The now 180,000-strong armed forces have joined UN, NATO and other multinational missions from Kosovo to Afghanistan and Mali which must be mandated by parliament.
German troops — all volunteers since male conscription ended in 2011 — make their pledge at the Berlin Bendlerblock site that was the headquarters of the unsuccessful military resistance against Hitler.
