The high-stakes trial of 12 Catalan separatist leaders over their role in Catalonia's failed 2017 independence bid is due to wrap up on Wednesday after four months of hearings.
Here are five key facts about the trial:
Who are the accused ?
Nine former ministers in Catalonia's regional government, including former Catalan vice-president Oriol Junqueras, as well as the ex-speaker of parliament, Carme Forcadell.
Also on trial were the leaders at the time of the secession attempt of the two biggest grassroots pro-independence associations in Catalonia, Jordi Sanchez of ANC and Jordi Cuixart of Omnium Cultural.
What are they accused of?
They are accused of breaking the law by helping organise a referendum despite a court ban before making a short-lived declaration of independence in October 2017, sparking Spain's worst political crisis in decades.
Public prosecutors argue they carried out a "perfectly planned strategy... to break the constitutional order and obtain the independence of Catalonia" illegally.
Rebellion?
Nine of the 12 Catalan leaders have been controversially charged with rebellion, which according to Spanish law implies a violent uprising against the state.
The leaders of a failed 1981 coup, which saw Civil Guard policemen burst into parliament firing shots in the air and taking lawmakers hostage, were convicted of rebellion.
To justify the charge, prosecutors cite "assaults" police officers say they suffered when they tried to stop the October 1, 2017 independence referendum from going ahead.
They also point to "violent incidents" in Barcelona on September 20, 2017 outside a Catalan government building raided by police as part of a crackdown against referendum preparations. Protesters destroyed several police vehicles.
Prosecutors argue the defendants "fomented, favoured and sought the direct confrontation between the crowds of citizens and police".
The chief prosecutor of Spain's National Court, Javier Zaragoza, has argued that "rebellion does not require serious violence or armed violence".
But the decision to charge the Catalan leaders with rebellion deeply divides legal experts.
The defendants deny the secession bid involved any violence. They point out that police used batons and rubber bullets on would-be voters on the referendum day, tarnishing Spain's image to the world.
"If you read, listen and observe our actions, no one could have the least doubt that we reject violence," Junqueras told the court in February.
Enrique Gimbernat, a criminal law professor at Madrid's Complutense University, insists rebellion has been "proven" since the accused "told people to go vote (in the referendum)... knowing violence was inevitable".
But Argelia Queralt, a constitutional law professor at the University of Barcelona, argues prosecutors misinterpreted the criminal code.
While there were "acts against the constitution" and "some one-off" violent incidents during the referendum, there was no "clear violence" that could justify a rebellion charge, she says.
The central government's attorneys, who are representing the government against the defendants, share this view.
Unlike the prosecutors, who represent the state against the defendants, they decided not to press rebellion charges, preferring instead sedition which carries a shorter prison term.
Misuse of public funds
Prosecutors also accuse the nine former Catalan ministers of misusing public funds to stage the referendum.
During the trial, finance ministry experts estimated that at least 917,000 euros ($1 million) in public money was spent, mainly to finance a publicity campaign for the referendum.
Hefty sentences sought
Prosecutors have called for jail terms of seven to 25 years in the case of Junqueras, the main defendant.
Seven other politicians involved in the independence push -- including former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont -- are in self-imposed exile abroad.
The central government's attorneys have asked for lower sentences of up to a maximum of 12 years in the case of Junqueras.
The high-stakes trial of 12 Catalan separatist leaders over their role in Catalonia’s failed 2017 independence bid is due to wrap up on Wednesday after four months of hearings.
Here are five key facts about the trial:
Who are the accused ?
Nine former ministers in Catalonia’s regional government, including former Catalan vice-president Oriol Junqueras, as well as the ex-speaker of parliament, Carme Forcadell.
Also on trial were the leaders at the time of the secession attempt of the two biggest grassroots pro-independence associations in Catalonia, Jordi Sanchez of ANC and Jordi Cuixart of Omnium Cultural.
What are they accused of?
They are accused of breaking the law by helping organise a referendum despite a court ban before making a short-lived declaration of independence in October 2017, sparking Spain’s worst political crisis in decades.
Public prosecutors argue they carried out a “perfectly planned strategy… to break the constitutional order and obtain the independence of Catalonia” illegally.
Rebellion?
Nine of the 12 Catalan leaders have been controversially charged with rebellion, which according to Spanish law implies a violent uprising against the state.
The leaders of a failed 1981 coup, which saw Civil Guard policemen burst into parliament firing shots in the air and taking lawmakers hostage, were convicted of rebellion.
To justify the charge, prosecutors cite “assaults” police officers say they suffered when they tried to stop the October 1, 2017 independence referendum from going ahead.
They also point to “violent incidents” in Barcelona on September 20, 2017 outside a Catalan government building raided by police as part of a crackdown against referendum preparations. Protesters destroyed several police vehicles.
Prosecutors argue the defendants “fomented, favoured and sought the direct confrontation between the crowds of citizens and police”.
The chief prosecutor of Spain’s National Court, Javier Zaragoza, has argued that “rebellion does not require serious violence or armed violence”.
But the decision to charge the Catalan leaders with rebellion deeply divides legal experts.
The defendants deny the secession bid involved any violence. They point out that police used batons and rubber bullets on would-be voters on the referendum day, tarnishing Spain’s image to the world.
“If you read, listen and observe our actions, no one could have the least doubt that we reject violence,” Junqueras told the court in February.
Enrique Gimbernat, a criminal law professor at Madrid’s Complutense University, insists rebellion has been “proven” since the accused “told people to go vote (in the referendum)… knowing violence was inevitable”.
But Argelia Queralt, a constitutional law professor at the University of Barcelona, argues prosecutors misinterpreted the criminal code.
While there were “acts against the constitution” and “some one-off” violent incidents during the referendum, there was no “clear violence” that could justify a rebellion charge, she says.
The central government’s attorneys, who are representing the government against the defendants, share this view.
Unlike the prosecutors, who represent the state against the defendants, they decided not to press rebellion charges, preferring instead sedition which carries a shorter prison term.
Misuse of public funds
Prosecutors also accuse the nine former Catalan ministers of misusing public funds to stage the referendum.
During the trial, finance ministry experts estimated that at least 917,000 euros ($1 million) in public money was spent, mainly to finance a publicity campaign for the referendum.
Hefty sentences sought
Prosecutors have called for jail terms of seven to 25 years in the case of Junqueras, the main defendant.
Seven other politicians involved in the independence push — including former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont — are in self-imposed exile abroad.
The central government’s attorneys have asked for lower sentences of up to a maximum of 12 years in the case of Junqueras.
