Western Amazon Biodiversity, Indigenous Peoples Threatened

The western Amazon rainforest is considered to be the most biodiverse and intact rainforest still remaining. This status may not last much longer as the rainforest may soon be covered with oil rigs and pipelines. A new study states over 180 oil and gas "blocks" which are areas zoned for exploration and development now cover the megadiverse western Amazon, which includes Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and western Brazil. These oil and gas blocks stretch over 688,000 km2 (170 million acres), a vast area, that is nearly the size of Texas. Researchers from two U.S. non-profit organizations – Save America's Forests and Land Is Life working with scientists from Duke University tracked hydrocarbon activities across the region, for the past three years and have generated a comprehensive map of oil and gas activities across the western Amazon. The result is an alarming assessment of the threats to the biodiversity and indigenous peoples of the region. "We found that the oil and gas blocks overlap perfectly with the most biodiverse part of the Amazon for birds, mammals, and amphibians," said study co-author Dr. Clinton Jenkins of Duke University. "The threat to amphibians is of particular concern because they are already the most threatened group of vertebrates worldwide." The oil and gas blocks are concentrated in the most intact part of the Amazon. Even national parks are not immune; exploration and development blocks cover the renowned Yasuní National Park in Ecuador and Madidi National Park in Bolivia. "The most dynamic situation is unfolding in the Peruvian Amazon," warned lead author Dr. Matt Finer of Save America's Forests. There are 64 oil and gas blocks that cover approximately 72% of the vast Peruvian Amazon (~490,000 km2 or ~121 million acres), an area much larger than California. Of the 64, all but eight of these blocks have appeared since 2003, when Peru launched a major effort to boost exploration across the Amazon. National parks are off limits to hydrocarbon activities in Peru, but oil and gas blocks do overlap a variety of other types of protected areas. Many of the oil and gas blocks in the western Amazon overlap titled lands of indigenous peoples and encroach on the territories of indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation. These isolated peoples have chosen to live in the forests without contact with the outside world. They are extremely susceptible to outside illnesses due to lack of natural resistance. The researchers, n the second part of the study, examine the most cutting policy issues related to oil and gas activities in the Amazon. New access roads are the greatest single threat from hydrocarbon development. Roads trigger deforestation, colonization, over hunting, and illegal logging in previously remote areas. "The elimination of new oil access roads could significantly reduce the impacts of most projects," said Finer, echoing one of the studies' main conclusions. The current environmental assessment process is inadequate due to a lack of independence in the review process and a lack of comprehensive analyses of the long-term, cumulative, and synergistic impacts of multiple oil and gas projects across the wider region. There is a need for regional Strategic Environmental Assessments in order to correct this situation. The study also addresses the complex policy issues related to indigenous peoples. "The way that oil development is being pursued in the Western Amazon is a gross violation of the rights of the indigenous peoples of the region" said Brian Keane of Land is Life, "International agreements and Inter-American human rights law recognize that indigenous peoples have rights to their lands, and explicitly prohibit the granting of concessions to exploit natural resources in their territories without their free, prior and informed consent." The researchers also looked at the growing conflict of hydrocarbon activities slated for the territories of indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation. As well, the study highlights the role of the international community. Growing global energy demand is driving the search for more oil and gas in the Amazon and companies from the U.S., Canada, Europe, and China are carrying out most of the development. "Filling up with a tank of gas could soon have devastating consequences to rainforests, their peoples, and their species" remarked co-author Dr. Stuart Pimm of Duke University. Ecuador's innovative Yasuní-ITT Initiative is one project that is being describes as a potentially precedent-setting example of how the global north and south can collaborate on both protecting the Amazon and combating climate change.With the initiative the Government of Ecuador's has extended a limited-time offer to keep its largest untapped oilfields unexploited in exchange for financial compensation from the international community. This is another example of why it is well past the time when we take our addiction to oil and gas seriously and instead of seeking new sources we embrace the renewable and conservation approach to meeting our needs.