Report Details Historic Mass Extinction Of Amphibians

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Amphibians have survived previous mass extinctions but are now signaling that there is something wrong. A paper that is published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) says that humans are exacerbating two key natural threats – climate change and a deadly disease that is jumping from one species to another.

Is the Earth experiencing its sixth mass extinction? The amphibians, as a case study for terrestrial life, are giving us the answer.

"A general message from amphibians is that we may have little time to stave off a potential mass extinction," write co-authors Vance T. Vredenburg, assistant professor of biology at San Francisco State University, and David B. Wake, curator of herpetology in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at University of California, Berkeley, in the August 12 issue of PNAS.

Amphibians have survived the last four mass extinctions and are among the oldest organisms on earth, having. The current extinction rate of amphibians is cause for alarm, according to biologists.

"An ancient organism, which has survived past extinctions, is telling us that something is wrong right now" Vredenburg said. "We -- humans -- may be doing fine right now, but they are doing poorly. The question, really, is whether we'll listen before it's too late."

There are many factors behind the profound change in global amphibian populations, however, a new emerging infectious disease, chytridiomycosis, is thought to be directly responsible for wiping out more than 200 species. It poses the greatest threat to biodiversity of any known disease.

Chytridiomycosis is an aquatic fungus of unknown origin furthermore; it's the first of its kind to infect vertebrates, and only amphibians.

Humans may also benefit from our ability to understand the ecology of chytridiomycosis; as scientists seek to map how the pathogen is transmitted from one species to another to develop ways to prevent or control outbreaks.

One example of a species that is threatened is the Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog. In 2001, chytridiomycosis was detected in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada, and subsequently the authors have documented mass die-offs and the collapse of populations because of outbreaks. The fungus is surprisingly virulent, according to authors, and how it causes death is not yet known.

"It's important for people to understand what's infecting and killing these frogs," Vredenburg said. "This disease is a remarkable example of a pathogen jumping boundaries and causing havoc. If we can understand how it is able to do so, we may be able to help the frogs as well as ourselves."

David B. Wake served as the director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ) for 27 years and is now curator of herpetology and professor of the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley. MVZ is a center for research and education in the biology of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Founded in 1908, the Museum's mission is to document and increase understanding of the diversity of terrestrial vertebrates, with particular emphasis on western North America.

Vance T. Vredenburg is an assistant professor at San Francisco State University. His research focuses broadly on the ecology, evolution and conservation of amphibians and incorporates elements of population, community and behavioral ecology to investigate the impacts of emerging infectious disease, introduced predators, and habitat loss on threatened amphibians. He is the co-founder of http://amphibiaweb.org an online bioinformatics project promoting science and conservation of the world's amphibians.